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<text id=93AT0155>
<title>
Arizona--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--United States Directory
Arizona
</history>
<article>
<source>Compact</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> The Arizona story began when the sea covered everything and
the land was an ocean floor. As the water receded and the
earth's crust began to dry and settle, volcanos spouted hot
lava, mountain ranges were pushed high into the air, remaining
water became rivers and streams cutting deep canyons, and some
areas became so dry, deserts were formed.
</p>
<p> This process of land formation took millions of years, and
when the earth ceased its restlessness, in Arizona it left a
pattern of great variety and contrast.
</p>
<p> The southwest corner of the state became desert, with craggy,
barren mountains rising abruptly from its level floor; while in
the southeast corner rolling hills with sparse vegetation and
the "Wonderland of Rocks" developed.
</p>
<p> Sweeping from the eastern border and curving northward
through the center of Arizona a cool, green mountain and valley
wonderland was formed. Its altitudes, varying from 2,000 to
8,000 feet, are sharply cut by the Mogollon Rim, a sheer cliff
extending for more than 200 miles and itself rising to heights
of 7,500 feet.
</p>
<p> Here lakes and streams were formed and the greatest stand of
Ponderosa Pine in the nation grew. Above the Rim, near
Flagstaff, a part of the earth was pushed up to a height of
12,670 feet to form San Francisco Peaks, the highest elevation
in the state. It is snow-clad most of the year.
</p>
<p> In the northeast corner a vast desert-like plateau emerged.
Millions of years ago its edge to the south was a part of a
vast forest. Through the ages it was buried under volcanic ash,
waters, sand and mud and then uncovered again to become today's
petrified forest, with fallen trees now turned to multi-colored
stone.
</p>
<p> To the west of Navajo land the elements seem to have made a
last furious fling and left the Colorado River flowing a mile
deep through the rainbow-hued Grand Canyon.
</p>
<p> Humans lived in this area 20,000 years ago. Traces of early
agricultural civilizations are found throughout the state.
High, almost inaccessible cliff dwellings still stand in silent
evidence of another prehistoric race. Even the vast irrigation
system surrounding Arizona's capital city, Phoenix, follows
ancient patterns of canals used to irrigate the HoHokam
farmlands with water from the Gila and Salt Rivers.
</p>
<p> From tree ring studies, we know that from 1276 to 1299 A.D.
there was a great drought which ended the prehistoric
civilization.
</p>
<p> When Columbus discovered America, Arizona was inhabited by
ancestors of present day Indians.
</p>
<p> The written history of Arizona began when the Spaniards sent
exploration parties northward from Mexico. The first was a
Franciscan priest named Marcos de Niza, who entered the
territory in 1539.
</p>
<p> Other Spanish missionaries followed to establish missions to
bring Christianity to the Indians. Tumacacori Mission, north of
Nogales, was founded by Padre Kino at the center of an Indian
settlement. Padre Kino also laid the foundations for San Xavier
del Bac Mission on the outskirts of today's Tucson.
</p>
<p> After his death, Spanish development of this area came to a
halt. In 1821 Mexico declared its independence from Spain and
eventually went to war with the United States. This war ended
in 1848 And the land north of the Gila River became U.S.
territory. In 1853 the rest of the area was acquired by the
Gadsden Purchase. Then the great westward movement of our early
pioneers began, and Arizona entered the phase of its history
which has provided so much material for books and movies.
</p>
<p> Men came West to seek their fortunes--adventurers,
prospectors, builders. To protect them against the Indians who
fought fiercely to keep back this change in their land, the army
also came and built its forts.
</p>
<p> Only the most brave and hardy came until the last of the
Indian uprisings were finished and final peace won in 1886.
Development of the state then surged forward.
</p>
<p> Back in the ages of its creation there had been formed in
Arizona land great deposits of gold, silver, copper, and other
minerals which were now uncovered by the prospectors. New towns
sprung up near the mines.
</p>
<p> While prospectors were "striking it rich" other pioneers saw
their fortunes of the future in another aspect of Arizona land.
Farmers cultivated crops along rivers and streams as the
Indians had done before them. Other brought in cattle to roam
the range land. Still others saw Arizona as an ideal place to
raise sheep.
</p>
<p> Law and order were slow to catch up with the sudden growth
on the frontier. Bitter gun battles broke out between the
cattlemen and the sheepmen, each wanting the grazing land and
water rights.
</p>
<p> With the leadership of the pioneers themselves, United
States Marshalls finally made a peaceful territory of Arizona
where crops, cattle and sheep, as well as mining, all became
important in building the future of the state.
</p>
<p> In 1912, its lawless boisterous frontier days behind it,
Arizona became the 48th state to join the Union.
</p>
<p>Source: State of Arizona.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>